The policy initiatives of the new government are certainly going to determine how quickly the Indian economy will recapture its high pace of growth. There are a number of pending economic issues that need the urgent attention of the new policymakers. The real challenge for the new government lies in stimulating the economy on the one hand, and at the same time controlling the fiscal deficit on the other hand. The fiscal deficit has already reached near 12% of the gross domestic product (GDP), which is clearly not sustainable.

Waiting For The Third Stimulus:

After the announcements of two stimulus packages by the outgoing government in December 2008 and January 2009 respectively, the planning commission Deputy Chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia had suggested that the country will need a third stimulus, which can be announced by the new government. One needs to wait and watch what kind of fresh stimulus comes from the new government now. For the purpose of countering the economic slowdown, the government can reduce corporate taxes and remove income tax surcharge. As a measure to push the rural demand, the scope of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme can also be extended so that more people would come under its net. A further push to infrastructure can also be a part of the fresh stimulus package.

Continuation Of The Economic Reforms:

There has been a consistency in pursuing the economic reforms during the past 10 years, although there was a change of guard in 2004 when the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) replaced the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) at the centre. The dependency of UPA on the left parties was a stumbling block for UPA in pursing the reforms at full pace, yet the UPA government managed to implement a number of reforms. The continuation of the reform process, not in words but in action, is required to keep the engine of growth turned on.

Focus on Infrastructure:

There is a general consensus that infrastructure development has to be accorded key priority. The Prime Minister's Committee on Infrastructure has already projected earlier that India will require investments worth $500 billion and $1.5 trillion for the 11th Five-Year-Plan (2007-2012) and the 12th plan period 2012-2017 respectively. The government had announced in the Interim Budget presented in the Parliament in February 2009 that 9% of the country’s GDP will be spent on infrastructure by 2014, from the current 5%. If the new government successfully pursues this path, it will be a great push to the growth rate of the country.

Reining in the fiscal deficit

India’s total fiscal deficit including the central and state deficits is estimated to reach at about 12% of GDP, which has become a major worry for the country. Most economists believe that the new government will have to take immediate steps to control the situation. In fact, the global factors have derailed India’s fiscal reform process that was going very smoothly as per targets during the past four to five years. When the global crude oil prices moved up very sharply in 2008, it resulted in highly inflated subsidy bill – particularly for the oil subsidy and fertilizer subsidy. Then, the global slowdown impacted the growth rate of India too, and resulted in lower than expected tax revenues. Also, the Indian government decided to revise the salaries of its employees by a fat margin at each level. A loan waiver programme for poor farmers also put a heavy burden on the exchequer. And, in order to counter the slowdown, the government came out with two stimulus packages. While all these steps were required and aimed at benefiting large sections of the society as well as the economy, these measures certainly inflated the fiscal deficit to such a high level that was not seen in the recent history of India.

Now, the new government will have only two ways to control and reduce the fiscal menace – reducing its expenditure and increasing the revenues. Both the options are not easy at the moment. At a time when the Indian economy has considerably slowed down, the tax revenues can’t be expected to increase. Increasing the tax rates will certainly not be a wise decision, as history suggests that tax rate hike in troubled period for economy always turns out to be counter-productive. R.K. Gupta, Managing Director of Taurus Mutual Fund that manages the equivalent of more than $100 million of stocks, warns that while a tax rate hike may lead to more tax evasions and ultimately not increase the tax revenue for the government, it might actually reduce the growth rate of the economy further.

On the other hand, reducing the expenditure is easier said than done. A systemic change aimed at expenditure reforms is the need of the hour. Dr. D.K. Joshi, Director and the Principal Economist at Mumbai-headquartered rating agency CRISIL said that as long as the growth rate was high and tax revenue was good, the government managed to run its business even without expenditure reforms, but it couldn’t be ignored any more. He said, “The new government would have to clearly spell it out how it plans to curtail its expenditures. Also, it would have to chalk out a clear roadmap regarding stimulus packages. How much stimulus it wants to provide and for how long? And then, how it plans to revert to fiscal prudence?”

PSE Disinvestment: A Right Prescription

The government has an option of selling its shareholding in a number of public sector enterprises (PSEs) to private sector, which can bring it much needed money. But commencing the disinvestment programme is a politically sensitive issue and reaching a consensus among the political parties is difficult. Also, even if the government manages to pursue this programme, it will have to use the proceeds very prudently. As Dr. Joshi warns, the proceeds of disinvestment should be used strictly for infrastructure creation, not for merely giving subsidies.

Goods & Services Tax

A unified goods and services tax (GST), a major reform of indirect taxes in India, is already proposed to be introduced from April 01, 2010. It’s advisable to have a single tax rate for all goods and services barring few exceptions across the country. Since there is not much time left, the new government should immediately chalk out the detailed implementation plan for the same. It shouldn’t be a difficult task because generally there is a political consensus on this issue. The Indian industry has already welcomed this initiative and is keenly waiting for its implementation.

Reducing Petroleum Subsidy

The retail prices of petroleum products are determined by the Government of India due to political considerations. The situation caused a major trouble for the economic health of the government last year when the crude oil prices sky-rocketed in global markets. The oil marketing companies, most of them majority-owned by the government, were forced to sell products at their retail outlets at prices much below cost. It caused havoc on their balance sheets and almost every oil marketing company stalled all kinds of investments. Now, post elections, it will be politically easier for the government to opt for market-linked prices. As the global crude oil prices have cooled off considerably from their peak levels, linking the retail prices to market conditions won’t cause any major upward revision in the retail prices. Hence, it could be the best time for switching to market-linked prices from the administered prices.